Air Balancing Demystified: A Facility Manager's Essential Guide

May 6, 2025

Maintaining consistent comfort and efficiency across multiple commercial locations is a top priority for facility managers. Air balancing is a critical yet often overlooked process that ensures your HVAC system delivers optimal performance. This article breaks down what air balancing entails, why it matters, and how it impacts your operations, while incorporating the latest industry best practices and standards.


What Is Air Balancing?

Air balancing is the process of testing, adjusting, and coordinating an HVAC system to ensure even airflow distribution throughout a building. Proper air balancing ensures that each room or zone receives the correct amount of air, maintaining consistent temperatures and improving system performance1. It involves measuring airflow rates, temperature, and pressure at vents using specialized tools like velocity meters, micromanometers, and hood flow meters, then making precise adjustments to dampers, fans, and ducts. The process is systematic and documented, ensuring the system operates as designed and meets both comfort and efficiency goals.

Effective air balancing is essential for efficient heat transfer and conditioning in all intended zones. If airflow across an evaporator coil or through ductwork is inadequate, some rooms may never reach their target temperature, leading to persistent comfort complaints.


Why Air Balancing Matters for Commercial Spaces

  • Comfort Consistency: Eliminates hot/cold spots and ensures uniform temperatures. Improper air balancing is a common root cause of rooms that struggle to stay cool or warm, even when the HVAC equipment is functioning correctly1.
  • Energy Efficiency: Reduces wasted energy from overworked equipment, potentially saving 15–25% in energy use. An improperly balanced system can cause severe energy inefficiencies, as negative pressure or infiltration from unconditioned air increases the load on heating and cooling equipment2.
  • Equipment Longevity: Minimizes wear and tear by reducing system strain, as the HVAC equipment doesn’t need to compensate for airflow deficiencies.
  • Indoor Air Quality: Promotes effective contaminant removal and balanced humidity levels. If a building is negatively balanced, it may draw in unfiltered air from undesirable sources, which can compromise air quality and even food safety in certain settings.
  • Operational Reliability: Prevents issues like drafts, foggy windows, and pressure imbalances that can disrupt building function. Maintaining a neutral or slightly positive building pressure through proper air balancing helps avoid infiltration of outdoor air, which can lead to temperature and humidity issues.


When to Schedule Air Balancing

  • At Initial Installation: Air balancing should always be performed when a new HVAC system is installed. This ensures the system is delivering the designed airflow to every area before the building is occupied.
  • After Major Modifications or Renovations: If significant changes are made to the building layout or HVAC system-such as moving walls, adding rooms, or upgrading equipment-schedule air balancing to recalibrate airflow and maintain comfort and efficiency.
  • When Occupants Report Comfort Issues: If you receive complaints about hot/cold spots, drafts, stuffy air, or uneven temperatures, it’s a clear sign the system may need balancing. Addressing these issues promptly can restore comfort and prevent further problems.
  • Periodically as Preventive Maintenance: Even without noticeable issues, regular air balancing is recommended. For most commercial buildings, this means at least once a year, though every two to three years may suffice for less complex or lower-occupancy facilities. High-traffic or frequently reconfigured spaces may require more frequent checks.
  • When System Performance Declines: If you notice unexplained increases in energy bills, reduced airflow, excessive humidity, or other signs of inefficiency, air balancing can help diagnose and correct underlying issues before they escalate.
  • Before Functional Performance Testing: For new construction or major renovations, air balancing is a prerequisite for functional performance testing and final commissioning, ensuring all systems operate as intended before occupancy.


The Air Balancing Process: A Step-by-Step Overview

  • System Assessment: Review ductwork, equipment specs, and building layout to identify potential issues. Airflow must be evaluated not just at the equipment but throughout the entire duct system, as deficiencies are often found in distribution, not just in the HVAC unit itself.
  • Measurement: Use precision tools to gather data on airflow, pressure, and temperature at each vent and return. Technicians rely on airflow hoods, anemometers, and manometers to ensure accuracy.
  • Adjustment: Calibrate dampers, fan speeds, and controls to correct imbalances and achieve design specifications. Adjustments are made until each room or zone receives the correct amount of air, as measured against design targets or manufacturer recommendations.
  • Verification and Documentation: Re-test the system to confirm balanced airflow, proper pressure, and temperature consistency. Document all results in a comprehensive air balance report, which serves as proof that the system meets specifications and provides a reference for future maintenance. This report typically includes project details, system layout, test results, and any deficiencies found.
  • Ongoing Monitoring: Schedule periodic rebalancing and monitor system performance to maintain optimal conditions over time. As building use or occupancy changes, rebalancing ensures continued comfort and efficiency.


Government and Industry Guidelines

The ENERGY STAR HVAC Commissioning Checklist and industry standards stress the importance of balancing dampers, verifying airflow with calibrated tools, and maintaining thorough documentation. Adhering to these guidelines can reduce HVAC-related energy use by up to 18% and ensure compliance with codes and best practices3.

 

Choosing the Right Professionals

Hire certified TAB (Testing, Adjusting, Balancing) professionals with experience in commercial and multi-site systems. Ensure they provide detailed documentation and follow industry standards for safety and accuracy. The expertise of the technician is crucial-proper air balancing is a specialized skill that requires both technical knowledge and attention to detail.

 

Conclusion

Air balancing is an essential, ongoing strategy for maintaining comfort, efficiency, and reliability in commercial buildings. By following a systematic, well-documented process and partnering with qualified professionals, facility managers can proactively address airflow issues, reduce costs, and protect their HVAC investment for the long term. Achieving harmony in your HVAC system through proper air balancing is key to delivering the comfort and performance your occupants expect.

 

Have you ever dealt with hot and cold spots in your facilities, or had to troubleshoot airflow issues? Share your questions, insights, or lessons learned in the comments below — we’d love to hear from facility professionals! 


Resources:

1 https://www.achrnews.com/articles/163882-air-balancing-achieving-harmony-in-an-hvac-system

2 https://www.achrnews.com/articles/157370-the-importance-of-facility-air-balance

3  https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/hvac-commissioning

April 23, 2025
If you manage HVAC systems across retail chains, banks, medical clinics, or other commercial facilities, summer prep is one of the most critical actions you can take to ensure smooth operations, happy occupants, and cost control. Whether you’re familiar with HVAC or rely entirely on vendors, this guide is designed to walk you through why summer preparation matters, how it’s done, and what can happen if it’s skipped. Why Preparing for Summer is a Must Ensure Occupant Comfort: During summer, HVAC systems work overtime to maintain indoor comfort. When systems aren’t ready for the heat, you risk hot, stuffy conditions that frustrate staff and drive customers away. In retail and banking, poor climate control can reduce dwell time and customer satisfaction. In medical settings, it can impact patient safety. Summer prep ensures your HVAC system can meet high cooling demands before outdoor temps climb. Improve Energy Efficiency and Reduce Costs: The U.S. Department of Energy states that well-maintained HVAC systems can lower energy bills by 5% to 20% annually.1 Dirty filters, incorrectly programmed thermostats, or worn belts cause your unit to run inefficiently. A well-tuned system uses less electricity to produce the same cooling output — critical for keeping your operating costs in check during peak summer months. Prevent Costly Breakdowns: Summer is peak season for HVAC repairs — not just because of the heat, but because neglected systems fail under stress. When components are close to failure, high loads push them over the edge. Emergency repairs can cost double or triple compared to scheduled maintenance, not to mention lost revenue from downtime or store closures. Protect Indoor Air Quality: Dirty coils and clogged filters reduce airflow and recirculate dust & allergens. Poor indoor air quality can cause illness and can be a liability in regulated environments like healthcare or foodservice. Summer prep includes cleaning and changing these components to ensure clean, breathable air. Extend Equipment Lifespan: Commercial HVAC systems are major capital investments, and extending their life means protecting your bottom line. Just like a car, routine maintenance and seasonal prep can add reliability and years of life to your HVAC units. The National Institute of Building Sciences confirms that preventative maintenance can extend equipment life by up to 40%.2 Factors Influencing HVAC Performance System Age: Older systems may be less efficient and more prone to issues. Building Usage: Facilities with high foot traffic or equipment may require more robust systems. Local Climate: For example, Florida's humidity and heat demand systems that can handle high moisture and temperature levels. Maintenance History: Regularly serviced systems perform better and last longer. What Summer Preparation Looks Like This is not just “changing the filters.” A full summer prep checklist includes: Filter Changes: This is the most basic — yet most frequently overlooked — task. Dirty filters restrict airflow and make systems work harder. For most commercial facilities, filters should be replaced every 1–3 months depending on usage and environment. Coil Cleaning: The evaporator coil (inside) and condenser coil (outside) can accumulate dirt and debris. Dirty coils reduce the system’s ability to absorb and transfer heat, making cooling less efficient and increasing energy use by as much as 30%. Refrigerant Level Check: Low refrigerant often means a leak, and it’s one of the top causes of poor cooling. If levels are low, your vendor should perform a leak check and repair. Topping off refrigerant without fixing leaks is throwing money away — and it’s illegal under EPA Section 608. Electrical Component Check: Your technician should check capacitors, contactors, wiring, and relays. A failed capacitor or burned contactor can shut down your entire unit. These are inexpensive parts but cause expensive emergencies if not caught early. Thermostat Calibration Programming: Thermostats that aren’t programmed correctly can cause the units to run at unnecessary times or not run when needed. If you’re using smart or networked thermostats, now’s the time to review programming and energy-saving setpoints. Duct Inspection (Where Accessible): Leaky or blocked ductwork forces your unit to work harder to cool the same space. Sealing and cleaning ducts can significantly improve airflow and efficiency. Drain Line Clearance: Condensate drain lines can clog with algae or debris, especially in humid environments. Clogs cause water backups that damage ceilings or floors. Summer prep includes flushing the drain line and adding anti-algae tablets if needed. Plan Ahead While preparing your HVAC systems for summer offers a long list of benefits, especially when managing multiple commercial sites, seasonal maintenance does come with upfront costs, especially if you're servicing dozens or even hundreds of units. Coordinating these inspections across multiple locations can also be logistically challenging, particularly if you’re scheduling during the spring rush when HVAC vendors are in high demand. In some cases, maintenance inspections may uncover hidden issues—particularly in older systems—which could lead to unexpected repair expenses. Still, identifying and addressing problems early is almost always less costly than responding to mid-summer emergencies. In short, while summer prep requires planning and budget allocation, the long-term rewards far outweigh the short-term inconvenience. Final Thoughts: Be Proactive, Not Reactive Summer HVAC prep isn’t optional — it’s a strategic advantage. Facilities that schedule seasonal maintenance avoid costly disruptions, control energy costs, and increase the lifespan of their HVAC investments. As a facility manager overseeing multiple sites, the most effective step you can take is to establish a consistent pre-summer maintenance schedule with your service vendors, documented and tracked. References [1] https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/solutions-at-a-glance/preventative-maintenance-commercial-hvac-equipment [2] https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac To read more about how to get your system ready for summer, check out Facility Executive’s article https://facilityexecutive.com/air-conditioning-is-your-facility-ready-for-the-summer How do you prepare your sites for the summer heat? What challenges do you face coordinating HVAC maintenance across multiple locations? Share your insights, questions, or lessons learned in the comments below — let’s start a conversation that helps everyone keep their cool this summer.
A black and white photo of a person using a laptop computer.
April 2, 2025
From Energy Management Systems (EMS) to Building Automation Systems (BAS) to Remote Equipment Monitoring (REM), each offers unique functionalities that can enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, and improve occupant comfort. Find out which system gives you the best insights.
A close up of a dirty radiator condenser coils next to a clean one.
March 12, 2025
Dirty HVAC coils raise energy costs, reduce cooling, and cause breakdowns. Routine cleaning keeps systems efficient, reliable, and long-lasting. How often? It depends on location, business type, and usage. Don’t wait—learn how proactive maintenance saves money and extends equipment life. Read more to safeguard your HVAC investment!
A person is holding a filter in their hand.
February 24, 2025
Is skipping HVAC preventative maintenance saving you money—or setting you up for expensive failures? From unexpected breakdowns to soaring energy bills, neglecting PM can wreak havoc on your business. Discover why proactive maintenance is the key to lowering costs, extending equipment life, and keeping operations running smoothly.
A man is holding a pair of gauges in front of a building.
February 3, 2025
The HVAC industry is phasing out R-410A—what does this mean for your business? With new regulations, rising costs, and safety considerations, facility managers must act now to stay compliant and efficient. Learn what’s changing, what refrigerants are replacing R-410A, and how to prepare before the 2025 deadline.